从介绍07555 -79000 Harvard University I INTRODUCTION Harvard University, private, coeducational institution of higher education, the oldest in the United States, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. II HISTORY AND ADMINISTRATION In 1636 a college was founded in Cambridge by the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was opened for instruction two years later and named in 1639 for English clergyman John Harvard, its first benefactor. The college at first lacked substantial endowments and existed on gifts from individuals and the General Court. Harvard gradually acquired considerable autonomy and private financial support, becoming a chartered university in 1780. Today it has the largest private endowment of any university in the world. Harvard has steadily developed under the great American educators who have successively served as its presidents. During the presidency of Charles W. Eliot (1869-1909), Harvard established an elective system for undergraduates, by which they could choose most of their courses themselves. Under Abbott L. Lowell, who was president from 1909 to 1933, the undergraduate house systems of residence and instruction were introduced. Academic growth and physical expansion continued during the tenures of James B. Conant (1933-1953), Nathan M. Pusey (1953-1971), and Derek C. Bok (1971-1991). Neil L. Rudenstine was appointed president in 1991. Sponsored by Henry Rosovsky, former dean of the faculty of arts and sciences (1973-1984), the undergraduate elective system, or General Education Program, was replaced in 1979 by a Core Curriculum intended to prepare well-educated men and women for the challenges of modern life. Students are now required to take courses for the equivalent of an academic year in each of five areas: literature and arts, history, social analysis and moral reasoning, science, and foreign cultures. In addition to the new curriculum, students must spend roughly the equivalent of two years on courses in a field of concentration and one year on elective courses. Students must also demonstrate competence in writing, mathematics, and a foreign language. From its earliest days Harvard established and maintained a tradition of academic excellence and the training of citizens for national public service. Among many notable alumni are the religious leaders Increase Mather and Cotton Mather; the philosopher and psychologist William James; and men of letters such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, James Russell Lowell, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Robert Frost, and T. S. Eliot. More U.S. presidents have attended Harvard than any other college: John Adams, John Quincy Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. A sixth, Rutherford B. Hayes, was a graduate of Harvard Law School, which also counts the jurists Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Felix Frankfurter among its alumni. Harvard University is governed by a corporation (the oldest corporation in the United States) known as the President and Fellows of Harvard College. The corporation consults with a 30-member Board of Overseers elected by the alumni. III UNDERGRADUATE ACTIVITIES 哈佛学院是哈佛大学历史最悠久的学院，为男女学生提供本科课程，并授予文学学士学位。从1963年开始，拉德克利夫学院(Radcliffe College)——附属的女子本科院校——的毕业生获得带有拉德克利夫印章并由拉德克利夫校长副署的哈佛学位。在20世纪70年代，哈佛取消了限制女学生数量的配额，哈佛和拉德克利夫招生办公室开始在平等的基础上选拔学生。1999年，哈佛大学完全吸收了拉德克利夫，创建了拉德克利夫高级研究所，专注于女性和性别的研究。哈佛大学的录取标准是美国最挑剔的之一，它的录取率不到所有申请者的20%;被录取的学生中有四分之三实际入学。 During their freshman year, students live in halls within Harvard Yard, a walled enclosure containing several structures from the early 18th century now used as dormitories, dining facilities, libraries, and classrooms. Sophomores, juniors, and seniors live in the 12 residences known as houses. Named in honor of a distinguished alumnus or administrator, each house accommodates approximately 350 students and a group of faculty members who provide individual instruction as tutors, fostering social and intellectual exchange between students and teachers. Each house also has a library and sponsors cultural activities and intramural athletics. Undergraduate life has the additional attraction of proximity to Boston. IV GRADUATE AND PROFESSIONAL FACILITIES 哈佛大学的研究生和专业设施建于过去200年，包括文理学院、工商管理学院、牙科医学院、设计学院、神学院、教育学院、法学院、医学院、公共管理学院(现为约翰菲茨杰拉德肯尼迪政府学院)和公共卫生学院。哈佛燕京学堂也提供特别研究课程；费正清东亚研究中心；凯瑟琳w谢尔比卡洛姆戴维斯俄罗斯研究中心；以及中东研究中心、国际事务中心、国际法律研究中心、能源与国际政策中心和卫生政策管理中心。 V SPECIAL FACILITIES The Harvard campus is also the site of several renowned museums and collections, among them the Fogg Museum, distinguished for its European and American paintings, sculptures, and prints; the Botanical Museum; and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology. 哈佛大学的图书馆系统是美国最古老的。用于高级学术研究的中央图书馆收藏在哈利埃尔金斯怀德纳纪念图书馆。由霍顿图书馆的珍本和手稿，本科生的拉蒙特、卡伯特和希尔斯图书馆，以及独立的学院和部门图书馆，以及研究生院的收藏，哈佛图书馆形成了世界上最大的大学图书馆系统。它目前包含超过1300万册书籍、手稿和缩微电影。 Harvard University also maintains the Arnold Arboretum, in Boston; the Harvard College Observatory, based in Cambridge; the research center for Byzantine and Early Christian studies at Dumbarton Oaks, in Washington, D.C. and Villa I Tatti in Settignano, Italy, formerly the home and library of art critic Bernard Berenson and now a center for art history research. 哈佛深红橄榄球队的主场比赛和其他体育赛事在哈佛体育场举行，该体育场可容纳38,000多人。耶鲁大学是哈佛大学在体育方面的传统对手。 VI PUBLICATIONS 本科生出版物包括创办于1873年的日报《哈佛深红》(Harvard Crimson);文学评论《哈佛倡导者》(Harvard Advocate);以及全国知名的幽默杂志《哈佛讽刺报》。哈佛大学研究生院和附属团体发行的期刊包括《哈佛商业评论》、《哈佛教育评论》和《哈佛法律评论》。哈佛大学出版社成立于1913年，出版学术书籍、大众书籍以及医学和科学著作。

美国哈佛大学的的英语介绍推荐知识